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A Level Chemistry Notes
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A Level Chemistry
AQA
AQA
Physical Chemistry
Atomic Structure
Fundamental Particles
Isotopes and Relative Atomic Mass
Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry
Electron Configuration
Ionisation Energies
Amount of Substance
Relative Molecular Mass and Relative Formula Mass
Balanced Equations
The Mole & the Avogadro Constant
Empirical & Molecular Formula
Reacting Masses
Percentage Yield
Percentage Atom Economy
Reacting Solutions (including Titration Calculations)
The Ideal Gas Equation
Types of Bonding & Properties
Structure and Bonding - Ionic
Covalent and Dative Covalent Bonding
Structure and Bonding - Metals
Structures of Covalent Substances
Changes in State: Energy Changes
Molecules
Shapes of Simple Molecules & Ions
Electronegativity and Polarity
Intermolecular Forces
Oxidation, Reduction & Redox Equations
Oxidation & Reduction
Oxidation States
Redox Equations
Energetics
Enthalpy Changes
Applying Hess’s Law
Calorimetry
Kinetics
Collision Theory
Monitoring Rates of Reaction
Maxwell–Boltzmann Distributions
Chemical Equilibria
Chemical Equilibria
Le Chatelier's Principle
The Equilibrium Constant, Kc
Inorganic Chemistry
Periodicity
Trends Across Period 3
Group 2, the Alkaline Earth Metals
Group 2
Group 7 (17), the Halogens
Trends and Reactions of Halogens
Reactions of Halides
Uses & Reactions of Chlorine
Organic Chemistry
Introduction to Organic Chemistry
Nomenclature
Functional Groups
Types of Formulae
Structural Isomerism
Alkanes
Fractional Distillation of Crude Oil
Modification of Alkanes by Cracking
Combustion of Alkanes
Chlorination of Alkanes
Halogenoalkanes
Nucleophilic Substitution
Elimination of Halogenoalkanes
Ozone Depletion
Alkenes
Structure, Bonding & Reactivity
Reactions of Alkenes
Isomerism in Alkenes
Addition Polymers
Alcohols
Oxidation of Alcohols
Elimination Reactions of Alcohols
Ethanol Production
Organic Analysis
Mass spectrometry
Infrared Spectroscopy
AS Practical Skills
Required Practicals
RP1 - Making a Volumetric Solution
RP1 - Performing a Titration & Volumetric Analysis
RP2 - Measurement of an Enthalpy Change
RP3 - Factors Affecting the Rate of a Reaction
RP4 - Identifying Anions & Cations
RP5 - Distillation of a Product from a Reaction
RP6 - Testing for Organic Functional Groups
Advanced Physical Chemistry
Thermodynamics
Thermodynamic Terms
Born-Haber Cycles
Comparing Lattice Enthalpies
Enthalpy of Solution & Hydration
Entropy
Gibbs Free Energy
Rate Equation
Orders and the Rate Equation
Rate Determining Step
The Arrhenius Equation
Initial Rates Method - Clock Reactions
Continuous Monitoring Methods
Equilibrium Constant (Kp) for Homogenous Systems
Kp
Acids and Bases
Brønsted–Lowry Acid & Bases
pH of Strong Acids
Strong bases and Kw
Weak Acids and Ka
Reactions Between Acids and Bases
Buffers
pH Curves
Electrode Potentials & Electrochemical Cells
Standard Electrode Potentials
Representing Cells
Predicting Reactions
Commercial Cells including the Lithium Cell
Fuel Cells
Advanced Inorganic Chemistry
Properties of Period 3 Elements & their Oxides
Reactions with Oxygen
Melting Point Trends
Period 3 Oxides with Water
Period 3 Oxides in Acid-Base Reactions
Transition Metals
General Properties of Transition Metals
Complex Ions
Ligand Exchange and Thermodynamics
Formation of Coloured Ions
Variable Oxidation States
Catalysis
Redox Titrations
Reactions of Ions in Aqueous Solution
Metal-Aqua Ions
Reactions with Bases
Advanced Organic Chemistry
Aldehydes & Ketones
Aldehydes & Ketones
Nucleophilic Addition
Optical Isomerism
Optical Isomerism
Carboxylic Acids & Derivatives
Carboxylic Acids
Esters
Acylation
Biodiesel
Aromatic Chemistry
Structure of Benzene
Reactions of Benzene
Amines
Preparing Amines
Basic Properties of Amines
Polymers
Condensation Polymers
Amino Acids, Proteins & DNA
Amino Acids
Proteins and Enzymes
DNA
Organic Synthesis
Organic Synthesis
Chromatography
Chromatography
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Principles of NMR
¹H NMR
¹³C NMR
Advanced Practical Skills
Required Practicals
RP7 - Continuous Monitoring Method
RP7 - Iodine Clock Reaction
RP8 - Making Simple Cells
RP9 - Titration Curves
RP10 - Preparing an Organic Solid
RP10 - Preparing an Organic Liquid
RP11 - Reactions of Metal-Aqua Ions
RP12 - Thin Layer Chromatography