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A Level Biology Notes
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A Level Biology
AQA
AQA
Featured Notes
Featured Notes
Our Head of Biology
@LauraDoesBiology
15 years of teaching
10 years as a leading examiner
Our Head of Biology
@LauraDoesBiology
15 years of teaching
10 years as a leading examiner
Module 1: Biological molecules
Module 1 Intro
Module 1 Intro Page
1.1 Monomers and polymers
Monomers and polymers
1.2 Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides and disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Biochemical tests
1.3 Lipids
Lipids
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
1.4 Proteins
Proteins
Amino acids
Polypeptides
Enzymes
Factors that affect the rate of an enzyme controlled reaction
Required Practical 1 enzymes
Enzyme inhibition
1.5 Nucleic acids are important information-carrying molecules
Nucleic acids
DNA structure
RNA structure
DNA replication
Meselson and Stahl experiment
1.6 ATP
ATP
1.7 Water
Water
1.8 Inorganic ions
Important Ions
Module 3: Exchanges of substances
Module 3 Intro
Module 3 Intro Page
3.1 Surface area to volume ratio
Surface area to volume ratio
3.2 Gas exchange
Gas exchange in insects
Gas exchange in fish
Gas exchange in leaves
Xerophytes
The respiratory system and gas exchange in the alveoli
Ventilation
Ventilation graphs and measurements
3.3 Digestion and absorption
Digestion of starch
Digestion of proteins
Digestion of lipids
Absorption of glucose and amino acids
Absorption of lipids
3.4 Mass transport in animals and plants
Haemoglobin
Oxygen dissociation curves
The circulatory system
Heart structure
The cardiac cycle
Blood vessels
Tissue fluid
Required practical 5 Heart dissection
The xylem structure
Cohesion tension theory
Transpiration and using a potometer
The phloem structure
Mass flow hypothesis
Experimental evidence including tracer and ringing experiments
Module 5: Energy transfers
Module 5 Intro
Module 5 Intro Page
5.1 Photosynthesis
Photosyntheis and chloroplast structure
Light dependent reaction
Light independent reaction
Limiting Factors in photosynthesis
Required Practical 7 Chromatography in different leaves
Required Practical 8 Dehydrogenase activity in chloroplasts
5.2 Respiration
Aerobic respiration - Glycolysis
Link reaction and Krebs cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Anaerobic respiration
The respirometer and RQ values
Required Practical 9 Rate of respiration in Yeast
5.3 Energy and ecosystems
Biomass
GPP and NPP
Net production of consumers
Farming practices
5.4 Nutrient cycles
Nitrogen cycle
Phosphorus cycle
Fertilisers and Eutrophication
Module 7: Genetics, populations, evolution and ecosystems
Module 7 Intro
Module 7 Intro Page
7.1 Inheritance
Key inheritance terms
Monohybrid cross
Dihybrid cross
Co-dominance and multiple alleles
Sex linkage
Autosomal linkage
Epistasis
Chi squared in genetics
7.2 Populations
Species, population and gene pool definitions
Hardy Weinberg
7.3 Evolution may lead to speciation
Causes of variation and continuous vs discontinuous
Genetic drift and bottle neck effect
(Stabilising, directional recap) Disruptive selection
Allopatric speciation
Sympatric speciation
7.4 Populations in ecosystems
Key Ecosystem terms - community, abiotic, biotic, niche
Intraspecific and interspecific competition
Predation
Sampling - using quadrats, random and belt transects
Spearmann Rank Correlation Coeffcient
Required Practical 12 - Sampling with a named environmental factor
Mark release recapture
Succession
Conservation
Exam Skills
Choosing a statistical test
Interpreting results from a statistical test
Essay writing tips
Answering a maths question
Command Words
Working scientifically
Module 2: Cells
Module 2 Intro
Module 2 Intro Page
2.1 Cell structure
Animal cell structure
Plant cell structure
Organelles involved in protein synthesis and transport
Prokaryotic cell structure
Viral structure
Optical microscopes
Electron microscopes
Calculating cell size and magnification
Cell Fractionation and Ultracentrifugation
2.2 All cells arise from other cells
Cell division
Mitosis
Uncontrolled cell division and cancer
Binary fission
Required practical 3 Root tip squash
2.3 Transport across cell membranes
Membrane structure
Simple and facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
Required practical 3 osmosis
Active transport
Co-transport
Factors that affect the permeability of the cell surface membrane
Required practical 4 membrane permeability
2.4 Cell recognition and the immune system
Cell recognition and the immune system
Phagocytosis
The cellular response
The humoral response
Primary and secondary immune response
Antibodies
Vaccinations
Active and passive immunity
HIV structure and replication
Monoclonal antibodies and the ELISA test
Module 4: Genetic information and variation
Module 4 Intro
Module 4 Intro Page
4.1 DNA, genes and chromosomes
DNA, genes and chromosomes and the genome
Features of the genetic code
4.2 DNA and protein synthesis
Transcription
Translation
4.3 Genetic diversity can arise as a result of mutation or during meiosis
Mutations
Meiosis
How meiosis gives rise to variation
Examples of different life cycles
4.4 Genetic diversity and adaptation
Natural selection
Directional selection
Stabilising selection
Required practical 6 Aseptic techniques
4.5 Species and taxonomy
Courtship behaviour
Phylogenetic classification
4.6 Biodiversity within a community
Biodiversity
Index of diversity
Agriculture and biodiversity
4.7 Investigating diversity
Investigating diversity
Quantitative investigations of variation
Module 6: Organisms respond
Module 6 Intro
Module 6 Intro Page
6.1 Stimuli, both internal and external, are detected and lead to a response
IAA and Tropsims
Taxes and Kineses
Required Practical 10 Choice chambers or maze
Reflex arcs / nervous system overview
Pacinian Corpuscle
Photoreceptors in the eye
Control of resting Heart rate
Chemoreceptors and Baroreceptors in controlling heart rate
6.2 Nervous coordination
Structure of myelinated motor neurone
Resting potential
Action potential
Factors affecting the speed of conductance
Summation
Synapses - cholinergic
6.3 Skeletal muscles are stimulated to contract by nerves and act as effectors
Structure of skeletal muscle
Sliding filament theory
Neuromuscular junctions and comparisons to synapse
Phosphocreatine ATP system
Slow and Fast twitch muscle fibres
Effect of drugs on synapses
6.4 Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment
Homeostastis, negative and positive feedback
Blood glucose regulation
Second messenger model of adrenaline and glucagon - involving adenylate cyclase, cAMP and protein kinase
Diabetes
Required Practical 11 - Dilution series of glucose and calibration curve
The structure of the kidney and the nephron
Ultrafiltration
Selective Reabsorption
Loop of Henle
Osmoregulation and ADH
Module 8: Control of gene expression
Module 8 Intro
Module 8 Intro Page
8.1 Alteration of the sequence of bases in DNA can alter the structure of proteins
Mutations
The effect of mutations
8.2 Gene expression is controlled by a number of features
Totipotent, multipotent and unipotent cells
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS)
Evaluate use of stem cells on treating human disorders
Control of transcription - transcription factors. To include oestrogen (steroid hormone)
Epigenetics (increased methylation and decreased acetylation)
Epigenetics and Cancer
Post-transcriptional modification - RNA interference (RNAi)/ Alternative Splicing
8.3 Using genome projects
Using genome projects
8.4 Gene Technologies
PCR
Electrophoresis
Recombinant DNA technology
Gentically Modified Organisms
The use of marker genes
Gene therapy
DNA probes and screening for genetic conditions
Module 1: Biological molecules
Module 1 Intro
Module 1 Intro Page
1.1 Monomers and polymers
Monomers and polymers
1.2 Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides and disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Biochemical tests
1.3 Lipids
Lipids
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
1.4 Proteins
Proteins
Amino acids
Polypeptides
Enzymes
Factors that affect the rate of an enzyme controlled reaction
Required Practical 1 enzymes
Enzyme inhibition
1.5 Nucleic acids are important information-carrying molecules
Nucleic acids
DNA structure
RNA structure
DNA replication
Meselson and Stahl experiment
1.6 ATP
ATP
1.7 Water
Water
1.8 Inorganic ions
Important Ions
Module 2: Cells
Module 2 Intro
Module 2 Intro Page
2.1 Cell structure
Animal cell structure
Plant cell structure
Organelles involved in protein synthesis and transport
Prokaryotic cell structure
Viral structure
Optical microscopes
Electron microscopes
Calculating cell size and magnification
Cell Fractionation and Ultracentrifugation
2.2 All cells arise from other cells
Cell division
Mitosis
Uncontrolled cell division and cancer
Binary fission
Required practical 3 Root tip squash
2.3 Transport across cell membranes
Membrane structure
Simple and facilitated diffusion
Osmosis
Required practical 3 osmosis
Active transport
Co-transport
Factors that affect the permeability of the cell surface membrane
Required practical 4 membrane permeability
2.4 Cell recognition and the immune system
Cell recognition and the immune system
Phagocytosis
The cellular response
The humoral response
Primary and secondary immune response
Antibodies
Vaccinations
Active and passive immunity
HIV structure and replication
Monoclonal antibodies and the ELISA test
Module 3: Exchanges of substances
Module 3 Intro
Module 3 Intro Page
3.1 Surface area to volume ratio
Surface area to volume ratio
3.2 Gas exchange
Gas exchange in insects
Gas exchange in fish
Gas exchange in leaves
Xerophytes
The respiratory system and gas exchange in the alveoli
Ventilation
Ventilation graphs and measurements
3.3 Digestion and absorption
Digestion of starch
Digestion of proteins
Digestion of lipids
Absorption of glucose and amino acids
Absorption of lipids
3.4 Mass transport in animals and plants
Haemoglobin
Oxygen dissociation curves
The circulatory system
Heart structure
The cardiac cycle
Blood vessels
Tissue fluid
Required practical 5 Heart dissection
The xylem structure
Cohesion tension theory
Transpiration and using a potometer
The phloem structure
Mass flow hypothesis
Experimental evidence including tracer and ringing experiments
Module 4: Genetic information and variation
Module 4 Intro
Module 4 Intro Page
4.1 DNA, genes and chromosomes
DNA, genes and chromosomes and the genome
Features of the genetic code
4.2 DNA and protein synthesis
Transcription
Translation
4.3 Genetic diversity can arise as a result of mutation or during meiosis
Mutations
Meiosis
How meiosis gives rise to variation
Examples of different life cycles
4.4 Genetic diversity and adaptation
Natural selection
Directional selection
Stabilising selection
Required practical 6 Aseptic techniques
4.5 Species and taxonomy
Courtship behaviour
Phylogenetic classification
4.6 Biodiversity within a community
Biodiversity
Index of diversity
Agriculture and biodiversity
4.7 Investigating diversity
Investigating diversity
Quantitative investigations of variation
Module 5: Energy transfers
Module 5 Intro
Module 5 Intro Page
5.1 Photosynthesis
Photosyntheis and chloroplast structure
Light dependent reaction
Light independent reaction
Limiting Factors in photosynthesis
Required Practical 7 Chromatography in different leaves
Required Practical 8 Dehydrogenase activity in chloroplasts
5.2 Respiration
Aerobic respiration - Glycolysis
Link reaction and Krebs cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Anaerobic respiration
The respirometer and RQ values
Required Practical 9 Rate of respiration in Yeast
5.3 Energy and ecosystems
Biomass
GPP and NPP
Net production of consumers
Farming practices
5.4 Nutrient cycles
Nitrogen cycle
Phosphorus cycle
Fertilisers and Eutrophication
Module 6: Organisms respond
Module 6 Intro
Module 6 Intro Page
6.1 Stimuli, both internal and external, are detected and lead to a response
IAA and Tropsims
Taxes and Kineses
Required Practical 10 Choice chambers or maze
Reflex arcs / nervous system overview
Pacinian Corpuscle
Photoreceptors in the eye
Control of resting Heart rate
Chemoreceptors and Baroreceptors in controlling heart rate
6.2 Nervous coordination
Structure of myelinated motor neurone
Resting potential
Action potential
Factors affecting the speed of conductance
Summation
Synapses - cholinergic
6.3 Skeletal muscles are stimulated to contract by nerves and act as effectors
Structure of skeletal muscle
Sliding filament theory
Neuromuscular junctions and comparisons to synapse
Phosphocreatine ATP system
Slow and Fast twitch muscle fibres
Effect of drugs on synapses
6.4 Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment
Homeostastis, negative and positive feedback
Blood glucose regulation
Second messenger model of adrenaline and glucagon - involving adenylate cyclase, cAMP and protein kinase
Diabetes
Required Practical 11 - Dilution series of glucose and calibration curve
The structure of the kidney and the nephron
Ultrafiltration
Selective Reabsorption
Loop of Henle
Osmoregulation and ADH
Module 7: Genetics, populations, evolution and ecosystems
Module 7 Intro
Module 7 Intro Page
7.1 Inheritance
Key inheritance terms
Monohybrid cross
Dihybrid cross
Co-dominance and multiple alleles
Sex linkage
Autosomal linkage
Epistasis
Chi squared in genetics
7.2 Populations
Species, population and gene pool definitions
Hardy Weinberg
7.3 Evolution may lead to speciation
Causes of variation and continuous vs discontinuous
Genetic drift and bottle neck effect
(Stabilising, directional recap) Disruptive selection
Allopatric speciation
Sympatric speciation
7.4 Populations in ecosystems
Key Ecosystem terms - community, abiotic, biotic, niche
Intraspecific and interspecific competition
Predation
Sampling - using quadrats, random and belt transects
Spearmann Rank Correlation Coeffcient
Required Practical 12 - Sampling with a named environmental factor
Mark release recapture
Succession
Conservation
Module 8: Control of gene expression
Module 8 Intro
Module 8 Intro Page
8.1 Alteration of the sequence of bases in DNA can alter the structure of proteins
Mutations
The effect of mutations
8.2 Gene expression is controlled by a number of features
Totipotent, multipotent and unipotent cells
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS)
Evaluate use of stem cells on treating human disorders
Control of transcription - transcription factors. To include oestrogen (steroid hormone)
Epigenetics (increased methylation and decreased acetylation)
Epigenetics and Cancer
Post-transcriptional modification - RNA interference (RNAi)/ Alternative Splicing
8.3 Using genome projects
Using genome projects
8.4 Gene Technologies
PCR
Electrophoresis
Recombinant DNA technology
Gentically Modified Organisms
The use of marker genes
Gene therapy
DNA probes and screening for genetic conditions
Exam Skills
Choosing a statistical test
Interpreting results from a statistical test
Essay writing tips
Answering a maths question
Command Words
Working scientifically
Our Head of Biology
@LauraDoesBiology
15 years of teaching
10 years as a leading examiner
Our Head of Biology
@LauraDoesBiology
15 years of teaching
10 years as a leading examiner